Architecture & Famous Architects
Clayton Way
Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright was born June 8th 1867, Richland Centre, Wisconsin, U.S. and died April 9th 1959, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S. As an architect and writer, he was the most abundantly creative genius of American architecture. His "Prairie Style" became the basis of the 20th century residential design in the United States.
Wrights mother, Anne Lloyd-Jones, was a schoolteacher, aged 24, when she married a widower, William C. Wright, an itinerant 41 year old musician and preacher. The Wrights moved with their infant son, Frank Lincoln (he would later change his middle name to Lloyd), to Iowa in 1869 and then lived successively in Rhode Island and Weymouth, Massachusetts, before eventually moving back to Wright's mother's home state Wisconsin.The young Wright attended the University of Wisconsin at Madison for a few terms in 1885-86 as a special student, but as there was no instruction in architecture,he took engineering courses. In order to supplement the family income, Wright worked for the dean of engineering, but he did not like his situation nor the commonplace architecture around him. He dreamed of Chicago, where great buildings of unprecedented structural ingenuity were rising.
Wright left Madison early in 1887 for Chicago, where he found employment with J.L. Silsbee, doing architectural detailing, Silsbee, a magnificant sketcher, inspired Wright to achieve a mastery of ductile line and telling accent. In time Wright found more rewarding work in the important architectural firm of Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan. Wright soon became chief assistant to Sullivan, and in June 1889 he married Catherine Tobin. He worked under Sullivan until 1893, at which time he opened his own architectural practice. His family grew to six children, while his firm grew until as many as 10 assistants were employed.
The first work from the new office, a house for W.H. Winslow, was sensational and skillful enough to attract the attention of the most influencial architect in Chicago, Daniel Burnham, who offered to subsidize Wright for several years if Wright could study in Europe to become the principal designer in Burnham's firm. It was a solid compliment, but Wright refused, and this difficult decision stregthened his determination to search for a new and appropriate Midwestern architecture.
Other young architects were searching in the same way; this trend became known as the "Prairie school" of architecture. By 1900 Prairie architecture was mature, and Frank Lloyd Wright, 33 years old and mainly self-taught, was its chief practitioner. The Prairie school was soon widely recognized for its radical approach to building modern homes.
Utilizing mass-produced materials and equiptment, mostly developed for commercial buildings, the Prairie architects discarded elaborate compartmentalization and detailing for bold, plain walls, roomy family living areas, and perimeter heating below broad glazed areas. Comfort, convenience, and spaciousness were economically achieved. Wright alone built around 50 Prairie houses from 1900 to 1910. The typical Wright-designed residence from this period displayed a wide, low roof over continuous window bands that turned corners, defying the conventional boxlike structure for most houses, and the house's main rooms flowed together in an uninterrupted space. During this period Wright lectured repeatedly; his most famous talk, The Art and Craft of the Machine, was first printed in 1901. His works were featured in local exhibtions from 1894 through to 1902. In that year he built the home of the W.W. Willitses, the first masterwork of the Prairie school, then in 1905 he travelled to Japan.
By now Wright's practice ecompassed apartment houses, group dwellings, and recreation centres. What was most remarkable were his works for business and church. The administrative block for the Larkin Company, a mail-order firm in Buffalo, New York, was built in 1904 and demolished in 1950. Abutting the railways, it was sealed and fireproof, with filtered, conditioned, mechanical ventilation; metal desks, chairs and files; ample sound-absorbant surfaces; as well as excellently balanced lighting, both natutral and artificial. Two years later the Unitarian churh of Oak Park, Illinois, Unity Temple, was under way; in 1971 it was registered as a national historic landmark. Built on a mimimal budget, the small house of worship and attached social centre achieved timeless monumentality.
The congregation still meets in the building's intimate, top-lit cube of space, which is turned inward, away from city noises. The Unity Temple improved on the Larkin Building in consistency of its structure (it was built of concrete, with massive walls and a reinforced roof) and in the ingenious interior ornament that emphasized space while subordinating mass. Unlike many contemporary architects, Wright took advantage of ornament to define scale and accentuation.
By 1909 Wright's estrangement from his wife and his relationship with
Mamah Cheney, the wife of one of his former clients, were damaging his
ability to obtain architectural commissions. In that year Wright began work
on his own house near Spring Green, Wisconsin, which he named Taliesin,
before he left for Europe that September. Abroad, Wright set to work on
two books, both first published in Germany,which became famous; a grand
double portfolio of his drawings and a smaller but full photographic
record of his buildings. With a draftsman, Taylor Willey, and his eldest son,
Lloyd Wright, the architect produced the numerous beautiful drawings
published in these portfolios by reworking renderings brought from Chicago, Oak Park, and Wisconsin.
By 1911 Wright and Cheney, still unmarried since Wright could not get a divorce, were living in Taliesin. Wright's career suffered from unfavourable publicity generated by his relationship with Cheney, but he found a few loyal clients like the Avery Coonleys, whose suburban estate, west of Chicago, the grand masterwork of the Prairie style, he had designed in 1908. In 1912 Wright designed his first skyscraper, a slender concrete slab, prophetic but unbuilt. At this time the Japanese began to consider Wright as an architect for a new Tokyo hotel where visitors could be officially entertained and housed in Western style. Thus, early in 1913 he and Cheney spent some months in Japan. The following year Wright was occupied in Chicago with the rushed construction of Midway Gardens, a complex planned to include open-air dining, other restaurants, and clubs. Symmetrical in plan, this building was sparklingly decorated with abstract and near-abstract art and ornaments. Its initial success was cut short by Prohibition, however, it was later demolished. Just before midway Gardens opened, Wright was dealt a crushing blow; Cheney and her children, who were visiting her at Taliesin, and four others were killed by an insane houseman, and the living quarters of the household were devastated by fire. Stunned by the tragedy, Wright began to rebuild his home and was soon joined by the sculptor Miriam Noel, who became his mistress. In 1916 they went to Japan, which was to be their home for five years.
Wright's transpacific journeys took him to California, where he met a wealthy, demanding client, Aline Barnsdall, who about 1920 built to Wright's designs a complex of houses and studios amid gardens on an estate called Olive Hill; these now serve as the Municipal Art Gallery in Hollywood. In 1923 and 1924 Wright built four houses in California, using textured concrete blocks with a fresh sense of form. Late in 1922 Wright's wife Catherine divorced him at last. His relationship with Miriam Noel ended, and in 1925 Taliesin again burned, struck by lightning, and again Wright rebuilt it. That same year a Dutch publication, Wendingen, presented Wright's newer work fully and handsomely, with praise from Europeans.
The Imperial Hotel (1915-22, dismantled in 1967) in Tokyo was one of Wright's most significant works in its lavish comfort, splendid spaces, and unprecedented construction. Because of its revolutionary, floating cantilever construction, it was one of the only large buildings that safely withstood the devastating earthquake that struck Tokyo in 1923. No one still doubted Wright's complete mastery of his art, but he continued to experiance difficulty in acquiring major commisions because of his egocentric and unconventional behaviour and the scandals that surrounded his private life.
In 1924 Wright had met Olgivanna Hinzenberg; soon she came to live with Wright permanently, and they married in 1928. Meanwhile, Wright's finances had fallen into a catastrophic state; in 1926-27 he sold a great collection of Japanese prints but could not rescue Taliesin from the bank that seized it. Amid these debacles, Wright began to write An Autobiography, as well as a series of articles on architecture, which appeared in 1927 and 1928. Finally, some of Wright's admirers set up Wright, Incorporated - a firm that owned his talents, his properties, and his debts - that effectively shielded him. In 1929 Wright designed a tower of studios cantilevered from a concrete core, to be built in New York City; in various permutations it appeared as one of his best concepts. (In 1956 the St. Mark's Tower project was finally realized as the Price Tower in Bartlesville, Oaklahoma.)
The stock market crash of 1929 ended all architectural activity in the United States, and Wright spent the next years lecturing at Chicago, New York City, and Princeton, New Jersey. Meanwhile an exhibitionof his architecture toured Europe and the United States. In 1932 An Autobiography and the first of Wrights books on urban problems, The Disappearing City, were published. In the same year the Wrights opened the Taliesin Fellowship, a training programme for architects and related artists who lived in and operated Taliesin, its buildings, and further school structures as they built or remodeled them. From 20 to 60 apprentices worked with Wright each year; a few remained for decades, constituting his main office staff. In the winter Wright and his entourage packed up and drove to Arizona, where Taliesin West was soon to be built. Unlike the Prairie houses these "Usonians" were flat roofed, usually of one floor placed on a heated concrete foundation mat; among them were some of Wrights best works - eg.the Jacobs house (1937) in Westmorland, Wisconsin, near Madison, and the Winckler-Goetsch house (1939) at Okemos, Michigan.
Wright gradually re-emerged as a leading architect; when the national economy improved, two commissions came to him that he utilized magnificently. The first was for a weekend retreat near Pittsburgh in the Allegheny Mountains. This residence, Fallingwater, was cantilevered over a waterfall with a simple daring that evoked wide publicity from 1936 to the present day. Probably Wright's most-admired work, it was later given to the state and was opend to visitors. The second important commission was the administrative centre for S.C. Johnson, wax manufacturers, at Racine, Wisconsin. Here Wright combined a closed, top-lit space with recurving forms and novel, tubular mushroom columns. The resulting airy closure is one of the most humane workrooms in modern architecture. Each of these buildings showed Wright to be as innovative as younger designers and a master of unique expressive forms.
Thereafter commissions flowed to Wright for every kind of building and from many parts of the world. His designs for the campus and buildings of Florida Southern College at Lakeland (1940-49) were begun, and the V.C. Morris Shop (1948) in San Francisco were executed. Among Wright's many late designs, executed and unexecuted, two major works stand out; the Guggenheim Museum in New York City and the Marin County government centre near San Francisco. The Guggenheim Museum was commissioned as early as 1943 to house a permanent collection of abstract art. Construction began in 1956, and the museum opened in 1959 after Wright's death. The Guggenheim, which has no seperate floor levels but instead uses a spiral ramp, realized Wright's idea of a continuous space and is one of his most significant buildings. The Marin county complex is Wright's only executed work for government, and the only one that integrates architecture, highway, and automobile, a concept that had long preoccupied Wright.
Wright was a great originator and a highly productive architect. He designed some 800 buildings, of which 380 were actually built and around 280 are still standing. Throughout his career he retained the use of ornamental design, earthly colours, and rich textual effects. His sensitive use of materials helped to control and perfect his dynamic expression of space, which opened a new era in American architecture. He became famous as the creator and expounder of "organic architecture", his phrase indicating buildings that harmonize both with their inhabitants and with their environment. The boldness and fertility of his invention and his command of space are probably his greatest achievements.
